Assessment of Physical Status of The Irrigation Structures in Nyarubogo Irrigation Scheme, Rwanda

Jean Bosco Tuyisabe; Festo Richard Silungwe; Henry F. Mahoo

doi:10.51867/ajernet.5.4.130

Autores

Jean Bosco Tuyisabe School of Engineering and Technology (SoET) - Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
Festo Richard Silungwe School of Engineering and Technology (SoET) - Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5845-7167
Henry F. Mahoo School of Engineering and Technology (SoET) - Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.4.130

Palavras-chave:

Irrigation Infrastructures, Nyarubogo, Performance Assessment, Physical Status, Rwanda

Resumo

The physical status of irrigation structures holds immense importance in ensuring the efficient and sustainable management of water resources for agricultural purposes. This study aimed to assess the physical status of the Nyarubogo irrigation scheme structures, which has implications for the level of performance of this irrigation scheme. Specifically, the study assessed the effectiveness of the irrigation infrastructures in terms of intake efficiency, canal physical condition, and command area development. Cross sectional study design was employed, and units for the study were randomly selected to be included in this study. Observation method were used to characterize the physical condition of the Nyarubogo irrigation scheme while questionnaire survey were used to collect data on the implication of socioeconomic characteristics on the performance, and effectiveness of irrigation system. The collected data were fitted to the irrigation structures assessment approaches suggested by Bos, Zende and Nagarajan. Analysis of farmer’s responses was through Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 27). This study evaluated the physical status of about 130 irrigation structures in Nyarubogo irrigation scheme. The structures included 7 division boxes, 73 water drops, 2 aqueducts, 42 turnouts, 4 bridges, and 2 Culverts. Overall, the scheme had an effectiveness of 63.8%, with culverts, bridges, and water drops presenting more than the average functional condition of 64.38%, 75.00%, and 100.00%, respectively. The intake efficiency during this study was found to be 67% accumulated from efficiencies of sediment level (20%), embankment (35%), and sluice gate (12%) based on their weightage percentage and rank scores. The overall canal condition was good and was quantified to 70%. The command area development was exhibiting subpar performance, registering a mere 32% effectiveness. Moreover, the study evaluated how farmers' socio-economic status influenced the inadequate maintenance of the Nyarubogo irrigation systems. It uncovered numerous elements contributing to this dilemma: there was limited engagement of women and youth in agricultural pursuits, low educational attainment, challenges surrounding land ownership (specifically, land tenure), the small size of land holdings per household and a notable absence of government incentives for maintenance efforts. These factors, however, when coupled with inadequate funds derived from water fees, significantly obstruct the proper care of these irrigation infrastructures. On the other hand, high runoff due to heavy rainfall was mentioned by the majority of farmers (20.7%) among the primary causes of poor maintenance of irrigation structures. Generally, the evaluation of the Nyarubogo irrigation system structures emphasizes the uneven levels of efficacy and challenges, highlighting the necessity of focused maintenance efforts and enhanced water management techniques.

Downloads

Os dados de download ainda não estão disponíveis.

Referências

Agide Dejen, Z. (2012). Comparative irrigation performance assessment in community-managed schemes in Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(35), 4956-4970. https://doi.org/10.5897/ajar11.2135

Alavaisha, E., & Lindborg, R. (2022). Supply and demand of ecosystem services among smallholder farmers in irrigated and rainfed farming, Kilombero, Tanzania. Ecosystems and People, 18(1), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/26395916.2022.2143571

Awulachew, S. B., Merrey, D., Kamara, A., van Koppen, B., Penning de Vries, F., & Boelee, E. (2005). Experiences and opportunities for promoting small-scale/micro irrigation and rainwater harvesting for food security in Ethiopia (IWMI Working Paper 098). International Water Management Institute. https://doi.org/10.3910/2009.277.

Bailey, B.K. (1994). Methods of Social Research. The Free Press Collier.

Balana, B. B., & Oyeyemi, M. A. (2022). Agricultural credit constraints in smallholder farming in developing countries: Evidence from Nigeria. World Development Sustainability, 1(1), 100012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100012

Bjornlund, H., van Rooyen, A., & Stirzaker, R. (2017). Profitability and productivity barriers and opportunities in small-scale irrigation schemes. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2016.1263552

Bjornlund, V., Bjornlund, H., & Van Rooyen, A. F. (2020). Why agricultural production in sub-Saharan Africa remains low compared to the rest of the world - a historical perspective. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 36(sup1), S20-S53. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2020.1739512

Bos, M. G., Murray-Rust, D. H., Merrey, D. J., Johnson, H. G., & Snellen, W. B. (1993). Methodologies for assessing performance of irrigation and drainage management. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 7(4), 231-261. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00881553

Browder, G., Ozment, S., Bescos, I. R., Gartner, T., & Lange, G. M. (2019). Integrating green and gray. Washington, DC: World Bank and World Resources Institute.

Çakmak, B. (2003). Evaluation of irrigation system performance with comparative indicators in irrigation schemes, Kizilirmak Basin, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 6(7), 697-706. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2003.697.706

Caldera, U., & Breyer, C. (2023). Global potential for renewable energy powered desalination in the irrigation sector. In Energy Storage for Multigeneration (pp. 53-92). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821920-1.00010-8

Checkol, G., & Alamirew, T. (2008). Technical and institutional evaluation of Geray Irrigation Scheme in West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region. Paper presented at the International Water Management Institute Conference.

Chester, M. V., & Allenby, B. (2018). Toward adaptive infrastructure: Flexibility and agility in a non-stationarity age. Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 4, 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/23789689.2017.1416846

Chidavaenzi, F. R., Mazenda, A., & Ndlovu, N. (2021). Household survival and resilience to food insecurity through the drip irrigation scheme in dry rural areas. Jamba: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 13(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4102/JAMBA.V13I1.985

Dawit, M., Dinka, M. O., & Leta, O. T. (2020). Implications of adopting drip irrigation system on crop yield and gender-sensitive issues: The case of Haramaya District, Ethiopia. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040096

Dejen, Z. A. (2015). Hydraulic and operational performance of irrigation schemes in view of water saving and sustainability: Sugar estates and community managed schemes in Ethiopia. In CRC Press/Balkema (Issue September).

EDPRS-II. (2013). Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS-II): 2013-14. Government of Rwanda. http://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/documents/NDPR/EDPRS_2.pdf

Enkhbold, E. (2020). Vegetable Production and Irrigated Agriculture Project. Mongolia.

Fanadzo, M. (2012). Revitalisation of smallholder irrigation schemes for poverty alleviation and household food security in South Africa: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(13). https://doi.org/10.5897/AJARX11.051

Fanadzo, M., & Ncube, B. (2018). Challenges and opportunities for revitalising smallholder irrigation schemes in South Africa. Water SA, 44(3), 436-447. https://doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v44i3.11

FAO. (2009). Technical papers from the Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050. Site visited on 5th/03/2024.

FAO. (2011). Women - Key to Food Security 2010-2011.

FAO. (2014). Building a common vision for sustainable food and agriculture.

FAO. (2021). Promoting Youth Engagement and Employment in Agriculture and Food Systems. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, 1-137. www.fao.org/cfs/cfs-hlpe

Gashayie, A., & Singh, M. D. (2015). Agricultural finance constraints and innovative models experience for Ethiopia: Empirical evidence from developing countries. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 6(7), 39-50. www.iiste.org

GoR. (2007). Vision 2020 Umurenge: An integrated local development program to accelerate poverty eradication, rural growth, and social protection. Kigali.

Hakuzimana, J., & Masasi, B. (2020). Performance evaluation of irrigation schemes in Rugeramigozi marshland, Rwanda. Water Conservation and Management, 4(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2020.15.19

Hedayat, N. (2011). Complexity of operation and maintenance in irrigation network management: A case of the Dez scheme in the greater Dezful, Iran. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 81, 728-731.

Hill, R. W., Patterson, R., & Barnhill, J. V. (2008). Small acreage irrigation system operation and maintenance.

Idahe, D., & Solomon, Z. (2024). Smallholder farmers' participation in small-scale irrigation system: Insights from Lume District, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39638

Lebdi, F. (2016). Irrigation for agricultural transformation. African Transformation Report 2016, 1-41.

Makaka, F. P. (2020). Performance evaluation of Dakawa irrigation scheme, Morogoro, Tanzania (Master's dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania).

McConne, D. J., & Dillon, J. L. (1997). Farm management for Asia: A systems approach. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Mchelle, A. R. (2011). Performance of rehabilitated irrigation systems: A case study of Igomelo irrigation scheme in Tanzania (Doctoral dissertation, Sokoine University of Agriculture).

Mehra, R., & Rojas, M. H. (2008). Women, food security, and agriculture in a global marketplace.

MINAGRI. (2013). Rwanda irrigation policy. MINAGRI.

MINAGRI. (2020). Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture annual report (2019-2020). MINAGRI.

Mnkeni, P. N. S., Chiduza, C., Modi, A. T., Stevens, J. B., Monde, N., Van der Stoep, I., & Dladla, R. (2010). Best management practices for smallholder farming on two irrigation schemes in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal through participatory adaptive research. In WRC Report No. TT, 478(10).

Molden, D. (2013). Water for food water for life: A comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. Routledge.

https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849773799

Mudd, K. (2021). Farmland investment as a vehicle for environmental conservation: Master of Development Practice.

Mukoto, B. (2008). Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(2), 653-676.

Mwadzingeni, L., Mugandani, R., & Mafongoya, P. L. (2022). Socio-economic factors and water footprint in smallholder irrigation schemes in Zimbabwe. Water, 14(13), 2101. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132101

Mwamakamba, S. N., Sibanda, L. M., Pittock, J., Stirzaker, R., Bjornlund, H., van Rooyen, A., Munguambe, P., Mdemu, M. V., & Kashaigili, J. J. (2017). Irrigating Africa: Policy barriers and opportunities for enhanced productivity of smallholder farmers. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 33(5), 824-838. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2017.1321531

Nakawuka, P., Langan, S., Schmitter, P., & Barron, J. (2018). A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global Food Security, 17, 196-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.003

Nyanza district. (2013). District Development Plan (2013-2018), Southern province, Rwanda.

Nzeyimana, I. (2021). Farmer-Led Irrigation Development in Rwanda. Kigali. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/35798

https://doi.org/10.1596/35798

Obialor, C. A., Okeke, O. C., Onunkwo, A. A., Fagorite, V. I., & Ehujuo, N. N. (2019). Reservoir sedimentation: Causes, effects, and mitigation. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 5(10), 92-109.

Oremo, F. O. (2020). Enhancing governance of water resources for improved uptake of on-farm water storage technology among smallholder irrigators in Tsavo Sub-catchment, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).

Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511807763

Playán, E., & Mateos, L. (2006). Modernization and optimization of irrigation systems to increase water productivity. Agricultural Water Management, 80(1-3), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.007

Putnam, R. D. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy.

https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400820740

Ray, S., & Majumder, S. (2024). Water management in agriculture: Innovations for efficient irrigation.

Rosegrant, M. (2019). Food security depends on water security - and we need to act now. Washington, DC: International Food Research Policy Institute. https://www.ifpri.org/blog/food-security-depends-water-security-%E2%80%93-and-we-need-act-now

Rwanda Meteorology Agency. (2024). Climatology of Rwanda. Rwanda Meteorology Agency. https://meteorwanda.gov.rw/index.php?id=30

Sharaunga, S., & Mudhara, M. (2018). Determinants of farmers' participation in collective maintenance of irrigation infrastructure in KwaZulu-Natal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 105, 265-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.02.014

Shayamano, I. (2016). Trajectory from government-managed to farmer-managed smallholder irrigation and its effects on productivity, operation and maintenance: An analysis of Mamina Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Western Cape).

Sithirith, M. (2017). Water governance in Cambodia: From centralized water governance to farmer water user community. Resources, 6(3), 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources6030044

Velasco-Muñoz, J. F., Aznar-Sánchez, J. A., Batlles-de la Fuente, A., & Fidelibus, M. D. (2019). Sustainable irrigation in agriculture: An analysis of global research. Water, 11(9), 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11091758

Vermillion, D. L., Samad, M., Suprodjo, P., Arif, S. S., & Rochdyanto, S. (1999). An assessment of the small-scale irrigation management turnover program in Indonesia. International Water Management Institute.

Wang, N., Zhang, T., Cong, A., & Lian, J. (2023). Integrated application of fertilization and reduced irrigation improved maize (Zea mays L.) yield, crop water productivity, and nitrogen use efficiency in a semi-arid region. Agricultural Water Management, 2(89), 108-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108566

World Bank. (2009). Gender in agriculture sourcebook: Agriculture and rural development. World Bank. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intgenagrlivsoubook/Resources/CompleteBook.pdf

Zende, A., & Nagarajan, R. (2013). Evaluation of surface water storage: Supply infrastructure of a river basin in a semi-arid region. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 172, 167-179. https://doi.org/10.2495/RBM130141.