https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/issue/feedAfrican Journal of Empirical Research2024-03-16T14:08:57+00:00African Journal of Empirical Researcheditor.ajernet@gmail.comOpen Journal Systems<p>The <strong>African Journal of Empirical Research (AJERNET)</strong> is hosted by <strong><a href="https://ajerpublishing.info/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">AJER Publishing</a>,</strong> a network of academic and research publishers headquartered in <strong>Nairobi, Kenya</strong>. AJER Publishing has a strong presence in the academic community, with a wide network of reviewers, editors, and contributors from esteemed universities, experienced researchers, and reputable research institutions globally.</p> <p><strong>Mission Statement </strong></p> <p>AJERNET aims to provide a dynamic platform for researchers, students, and professors with the view of facilitating access to the latest multidisciplinary literature, encouraging research reviews, and promoting the sharing of expertise among academics worldwide.</p> <p><strong>Scope and Operational Approach </strong></p> <p>Our focus is on multidisciplinary empirical research, meta-analysis, and systematic reviews from social, pure and applied science disciplines. AJERNET maintains high standards through a meticulous peer-review process to ensure that only top-quality research is published. We believe in open access to knowledge and all content is published on an open-access basis, allowing for unfettered access, distribution, and reproduction of published works, provided proper citation is given.</p> <p><strong>Global Reach </strong></p> <p>We distribute all published content to thousands of libraries worldwide, ensuring that research gains international exposure. We provide comprehensive support and guidance to authors wherever they may be throughout the publishing process. In cases where submitted work doesn't initially meet our publication standards, we offer assistance and time for revisions.</p> <p><strong>Submission Process </strong></p> <p>AJERNET accepts submissions on a rolling basis. We invite researchers to join us in advancing the frontiers of empirical research and multidisciplinary knowledge exchange.</p> <p><strong>Join Us Today </strong></p> <p>AJERNET welcomes authors to embark on their academic journey and get published. Our platform offers an opportunity to share research findings and contribute to the global body of knowledge.</p>https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/264Risk Factors for Leptospirosis in Rural Communities of Bungoma County, Kenya: A Cross Sectional Survey2024-03-01T14:33:10+00:00David W. Nanyendedavnanyende@yahoo.comDonald S. Namasakadsiamba@kibu.ac.keFerdinand N. Makhanufnabiswa@mmust.ac.keJacob W. Wakhungujwanambacha@yahoo.com<p><em>Leptospirosis is an important re-emerging zoonosis of worldwide public health concern. Leptospirosis is caused by a bacteria of the genus Leptospira. There was an outbreak of leptospirosis in humans in Bungoma County in 2004 with severe consequences. Leptospirosis is enzootic in cattle in Bungoma County. This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for leptospirosis in humans in Bungoma County. The risk factors considered in this study were; rainfall patterns, livestock management practices (grazing and watering system), home slaughter of livestock, consumption of un-inspected meat, rodent infestation in homes, and frequency of contact of livestock keepers with veterinary extension staff. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Kimilili and Mt Elgon sub-counties of Bungoma County, Kenya. The study was conducted between April and July of 2017. The locations were then sampled, and 400 households selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Questionnaires were administered to heads of the identified households. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Secondary data from medical records in Kimilili and Webuye health facilities were taken to show the disease trends in the year 2004. The study reveals the risk factors for leptospirosis in Bungoma County which include the close association of the community and their livestock (87.9%, n=400), rodent infestation in homes (92.3%, n=400), slaughter of animals in non-designated areas (83.8%, n=400), consumption of un-inspected meat (83.0%, n=400) and low contact of the population with veterinary extension staff (63.7%, n=400). The risk factors under consideration in this study were observed in over 80% of the study population. The study recommends that knowledge of leptospirosis and its risk factors be enhanced for effective control and prevention program. </em></p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 David W. Nanyende, Prof. Donald S. Namasaka, Dr. Ferdinand N. Makhanu, Prof. Jacob W. Wakhunguhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/253Effects of High Frequency of Examinations on Choice of Pedagogical Approaches in Kakamega County, Kenya2024-02-14T18:34:22+00:00Tundo Knighttundoknight@yahoo.comJohn O. Shiundujshiundu@mmust.ac.keWangila E. Wekesawwangila@mmust.ac.ke<p><em>The purpose of the study was to establish the effects of examinations </em><em>on the choice of pedagogical approaches </em><em>in secondary schools in </em><em>Kakamega County, Kenya. </em><em>Inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. We employed a combination of Saturated, Stratified, and simple random sampling techniques. The study was conducted in Kakamega County. The study population includes principals, students, and teachers from 408 public secondary schools and Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (QASOs) from Kakamega County. The total sample of the study was 2053, which included 40 principals, 1800 students, 200 teachers, and 13 QASOs. Data collection involved the administration of questionnaires to QASOs, students, and teachers and an interview guide for principals. The research team developed questionnaires for teachers, students, and QASOs with a reliability index of 0.71 based on the Cronbach alpha reliability method. Analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data was coded into sub-themes. The analyzed data was organized in tables and figures. The study found that teacher-centered pedagogy was the main method of instruction during teaching and learning. Therefore The study recommends the implementation of </em><em> curriculum content should be implemented within the defined time frame by KICD so that students can learn and curriculum objectives can be realized.</em></p>2024-02-13T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Tundo Knight, John O. Shiundu, Wangila E. Wekesahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/254Effects of High Frequency of Examinations on Curriculum Implementation in Kakamega County, Kenya2024-02-14T18:34:10+00:00Tundo Knighttundoknight@yahoo.comJohn O. Shiundujshiundu@mmust.ac.keWangila E. Wekesawwangila@mmust.ac.ke<p><em>Examinations have been widely used as a tool for curriculum evaluation not only in Kenya but across the globe. The use of examinations as an indicator of performance and promotion of learners has led to competition among schools and learners, which has compromised the quality of education provided. Teachers teach selectively by emphasising examined subjects and topics. The purpose of the study was to establish the effects of examinations on curriculum implementation in secondary schools. Descriptive survey research design and inferential statistics were applied. Sampling was done by use of Saturated, Stratified, and simple random sampling. The study was conducted in Kakamega County. The study population includes principals, students, and teachers from 408 public secondary schools and Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (QASOs) from Kakamega County. The total sample of the study was 2053, which included 40 principals,1800 students, 200 teachers, and 13 QASOs. Data collection involved the administration of questionnaires to QASOs, students, and teachers and an interview guide for principals. A researcher developed questionnaire instruments for teachers, students, and QASOs with a reliability index of 0.71 based on the Cronbach alpha reliability method. Analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Quantitative data was analysed by use of descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data was coded into sub-themes. The analysed data was organised in tables and figures The following were the study's primary findings: More than two exams were given in most schools each term, and this led to selective teaching because teachers only covered topics and subjects that were regularly covered in the KCSE. Moreover, candidates in particular did not engage in extracurricular activities because they were too busy studying for exams. To guarantee that all secondary schools follow the government examination policy, it should be reviewed. Early syllabus coverage is an unprofessional attitude; as a result, curriculum content should be implemented by KICD within the allotted time frame in order to support students' learning and help them achieve the curriculum's objectives. </em></p>2024-02-14T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Tundo Knight, John O. Shiundu, Wangila E. Wekesahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/255Relationship between Grief and Loss Counselling and Adjustment of Social Behaviours among the Elderly in Sigowet-Soin Sub County of Kericho County2024-02-26T19:01:34+00:00Philip Rono Kiprugutphilipronokip@gmail.comJenifer K. Munyuajmuyua@gmail.comPaul Ogulaogulapaul@gmail.com<p><em>This study aimed to investigate the relationship between grief and loss counselling and the adjustment of social behaviours among the elderly in Sigowet-Soin Sub County of Kericho County, Kenya. The study utilized a person-centered theory and adopted a concurrent mixed methods research design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative study employed an experimental design, while the qualitative study utilized a case study design. The target population consisted of 60 elderly individuals, with 30 selected for the study group and another 30 for the control group using stratified random sampling. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires and in-depth interviews, with research instruments validated by experts and supervisors. The reliability of the instruments was determined through a pilot study in Sigowet-Soin constituency, employing test-retest method and Pearson correlation coefficient. Quantitative analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics, presenting findings through frequency distribution tables, diagrams, pie charts, and bar graphs. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study revealed no statistically significant differences between the intervention group and control group in terms of grief and loss counselling (p >0.05). Thus, the study concluded that grief and loss counselling interventions did not help improve the social behaviours of the elderly. Grief and loss counselling has no significant effect in enhancing social behaviour of the elderly.</em> <em>The assessment of the grief and loss social behaviour reveals the need for further analysis to understand the effective strategies to assist elderly people cope up with the profound losses. Since the program implemented was not statistically significant. Further studies can help the influential factors on depression, stress management, self-esteem and relationship problems among the elderly. </em></p>2024-02-26T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Philip Rono Kiprugut, Jenifer K. Munyua, Paul Ogulahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/257Challenges and Lessons Learned from Counter Terrorism Strategies in Kenya2024-02-19T10:45:36+00:00Mutinda Mutisyammutisya@gmail.com<p><em>The changing nature of terrorism activities both in the developed and developing countries makes it imperative to fully tackle this problem. Fears of advancement in weapons by terrorists to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons continue to be on the rise. As such, despite formulation of numerous strategies, the states and regions remain vulnerable to future terrorist attacks. The objective of this study to explore the challenges encountered in counter terrorism strategies employed in Kenya. The study employed a desktop review and thematic analysis to provide a multi-dimensional exploration of the challenges confronting Kenya's efforts to counter terrorism. This approach not only contextualized the current state of counter-terrorism within the nation but also contributed to a more holistic comprehension of the intricate dynamics involved. The study revealed that the respondents encounter challenges in the fight against terrorism in Kenya. The study also found that the most faced challenge was inadequate training and inadequate funding in the security organizations. These tend to act as a limit barrier in not only acquiring but also utilizing modern terrorism equipment. However, unclear definition of law was the least experienced challenge showing that there were no legal barriers in the implementation of the counter terrorism strategies.</em> <em>The study recommends that the security agents should put measures to ensure increased public participation in countering terrorism. Additionally, the study recommends audit and scrutiny of the security agencies so as to ensure that they are well capable and trained for their respective positions.</em></p>2024-01-12T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Mutinda Mutisyahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/258Understanding the Impact of Water Accessibility and Sanitation-Related Diseases on Livelihoods in Tanzania2024-02-19T18:47:10+00:00Jennifer Kasanda Sesabojksesabo@mzumbe.ac.tz<p><em>Water is an important resource for improved sanitation and livelihood due to its multiple uses and impacts on household income. Despite its significance, most households in developing countries, including Tanzania, have been facing difficulty accessing this resource, whose effects are seen in health and general household welfare. In bringing that into light, the current study investigates the interplay of water accessibility, sanitation-related diseases, and livelihood among households in Tanzania by employing the probit regression and the Ordinary least squares models using Household Budget Survey data of 2017/18. Findings showed that urban households (0.111, p<0.01), age (-0.305, p<0.05), household size (0.159, p<0.01), education level, water cost (-0.249, p<0.01), and employment (0.166, p<0.01) influence water accessibility. Moreover, variables like secondary education, college education and water costs were also found to influence household sanitation status. Conversely, the study found that water accessibility and sanitation-related disease influence household livelihood significantly at 0.167 (p<0.01) and -0.649 (p<0.1). Conclusively, neglecting the urban gap would continually worsen the welfare of the people living in rural areas. Furthermore, the study recommends that programs to enhance water accessibility should go hand in hand with health promotion programs, especially in rural areas where water accessibility is poor, and most people are characterised as having low income. </em></p>2024-02-19T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Jennifer Kasanda Sesabo (PhD)https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/259Revitalizing Degraded and Abandoned Lands: Reflections from Local Government Involvement in Mud Brick Production - Tanzania2024-03-10T13:53:27+00:00Elizabeth Lulu Gendaelizabeth.genda@mu.ac.tzClaudia Edward Mamkwemcedward@mzumbe.ac.tz<p><em>The study assessed local government involvement in revitalising abandoned holes and degraded lands around brick-making sites in Morogoro Municipality. Specifically, it delineated the effects of mudbrick-making activities on the communities surrounding the brick-making sites, identified alternative uses of the abandoned holes in the brick-making sites, and established the knowledge required by the community and brick-makers for improving abandoned land use for sustainability. Several techniques were utilised in data collection, including interviews and focus group discussions with village and ward leaders, district environmental officers, district community development officers, district planners, mud brick makers, and some members of the community from three specific wards, namely Kauzeni, Mindu, and Kihonda Maghorofani. The findings revealed a significant contribution of the mudbrick-making industry to enhancing income and improving the living standards of communities through employment creation. Particularly, women were involved in selling food to brick makers, while youth actively participated in brick-making activities. The abandoned holes resulting from soil extraction were repurposed for fishing, vegetable cultivation, and sugar cane production. The income accrued from these activities improved housing standards and increased social interaction among people from different regions, including seasonal migrants attracted to brick-making activities. Despite the noted positive effects, mud brick activities contributed significantly to land degradation due to the traditional technologies used in the process, resulting in large holes that posed risks to human and livestock lives. The study recommends enhancing brick makers' and landowners' awareness of implementing mud brick-making activities with appropriate sustainable environmental protection to improve the socio-economic status of both brick makers and the broader community.</em></p>2024-03-05T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Elizabeth Lulu Genda, Claudia Edward Mamkwehttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/261Exploration of Science Teaching Self-Efficacy Sources from Multiple Narratives of Professional Development Experiences2024-03-01T14:33:13+00:00Salifu Maigari Mohammedsmmohammed@ug.edu.ghAustin Wontepaga Luguterahaluguterah@ug.edu.gh<p><em>Professional developments are effective interventions for exposing teachers to self-efficacy sources that align with innovative (e.g., inquiry-based) science pedagogies. However, in many situations, teachers are tasked with implementing innovative science practices without consistent and enduring professional development experiences. The study explored science teaching self-efficacy sources in situations where provision of professional developments is inconsistent and circumstantial. In this multi-case study, self-efficacy sources were explored through narratives of science teachers and key educational administrators. Participants’ real-life experiences with professional development (PD) were analysed to identify and understand the sources of self-efficacy they found most significant. It examined the nature, types, and relevance of these sources without imposing external control. The study context emphasized regular, mandatory PD experiences for teachers, but participants were not currently undergoing any PD experiences. The study used a mixed sampling method to select 18 science teachers, 12 head teachers, four circuit supervisors, 3 science coordinators, and four deputy directors and director of education in urban and rural Ghana. The findings indicated that nearly all PD experiences embedded and exposed instructors to various sources of science teaching self-efficacy, with the highest being traditional-oriented cognitive content mastery (63.4%) and cognitive pedagogical mastery (65.9%). The majority of PD experiences were brief, with most lasting no more than five days, and often involved multiple subjects rather than focusing specifically on science. Overall, the study highlights the complexity of self-efficacy sources and the need for tailored, ongoing professional development opportunities for science teachers. The study recommends that those components of professional development experiences be carefully selected and integrated to embed and expose instructors to relevant and sufficient self-efficacy sources that align with innovative pedagogies emphasized in curricula documents.</em></p>2024-02-29T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Salifu Maigari Mohammed, Austin Wontepaga Luguterahhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/262Influence of Learners’ Environments on Learners’ Literacy Outcomes of Early Years of Education2024-02-21T18:55:56+00:00Phyllis Khakaaly Wasikephylliswasike366@gmail.comEdward Okaya Khasakhalaeokaya@mmust.ac.keGodfrey Nyaoga Ayagagayaga@mmust.ac.ke<p><em>Learners’ supportive environments have a significant effect on what goes on in the classroom. Supportive learning environments have the greatest impact on learners’ literacy outcomes. Factors such as language policy and interactions in the classroom have a big influence on the learners’ literacy outcomes. The present study investigated a group of grade three learners’ literacy outcomes in lower primary schools in Bungoma central sub-county in relation to the factors that influenced the learning environments of the classroom. The descriptive survey design was used to sample participants in the study. A sample size of 91 participants was involved, consisting of 48 grade three learners, 24 grade three teachers, 12 head teachers, 6 parents, and a sub-county education officer. Simple random sampling was used to sample out grade three teachers, parents, head teachers, and a sub-county education officer. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Unstructured questionnaires were used to investigate the physical design of the classroom and their influence on literacy outcomes among learners in early years of learning in Bungoma Central Sub-County. Findings of the study indicate a negative correlation between learners’ literacy outcome and the physical design of the classroom (class size) (r = 261, p<0.5). Based on this finding, it is recommended that grade three teachers individualize teaching based on assessment results, embrace whole-class curriculum materials, and recognize individual differences. Policies must be established to guarantee that classrooms are conducive to learning and motivate learners to strive for higher academic accomplishment.</em></p>2024-02-21T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Phyllis Khakaaly Wasike, Edward Okaya Khasakhala, Godfrey Nyaoga Ayagahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/252Human Factors Contributing to Accidents and Disasters in Road Transport of Petroleum Products in Kenya2024-02-13T18:33:18+00:00Oladapo Oguntoyinboot.dapo54@gmail.comSamuel Chinaschina@mmust.ac.keJohn Obiriot@hilltopschools.com<p><em>Over the past few decades, Africa has witnessed enormous increase in the number of accidents take occur during road transport of petroleum products. Some of these accidents escalated into disasters because of release of products, with subsequent explosion and fire, resulting in several injuries and fatalities. With the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), the focus is on disaster risk reduction, rather than disaster response. This paper identifies human factors as a major cause of road transport accidents that lead to disasters when petroleum products are released. The study area was Kenya, but the findings are applicable across the continent. The Tripod Beta methodology, an incident investigation tool, was applied to analyse some of the disasters that had occurred in the downstream petroleum sub-sector in Kenya. The analysis identified root causes of accidents and highlighted the need to focus on tanker drivers as the key stakeholders for risk reduction. The root causes were applied in the development of the questionnaire that was used in a survey. The survey was carried out using random sampling, with a sample size of 391 tanker drivers. The study concluded that tanker drivers in the age group of 30-40 years, with 6-10 years’ driving experience and minimum educational level of secondary school, displayed the best performance in prevention of accidents and spills that could lead to disasters. Tanker drivers who meet these criteria should be the target of recruitment by transporters, followed by structured safety training, to achieve Goal Zero: no accident, no spill, and no disaster in the industry. </em></p>2024-02-13T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Oladapo Oguntoyinbo, Prof. Samuel China, Prof. John Obiri (Late)https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/265Connectedness to Water as a Predictor of Household Participation in Water Resources Conservation in Singida Municipality, Tanzania2024-03-05T12:10:41+00:00Lunango Gabriel Muwelulunango.muwelu@mustudent.ac.tzChristina Mwivei Shitimacshitima@mzumbe.ac.tzHarold Martin Utouhhutouh@mzumbe.ac.tz<p><em>A low level of household participation in conserving water resources threatens the future of human survival because water is a unique substance with no substitutes. In addition, despite diverse discussions regarding water accessibility and the need for conservation, the literature is even scarce on the linkage between these two important constructs. Therefore, this paper examines connectedness to water and its influence on household participation in water resources conservation in Singida Municipality, Tanzania. Using a quantitative study approach with a cross-sectional survey, primary data were collected from 391 households in Singida Municipality to investigate water accessibility, considering the aspects of physical access, economic access, and cultural acceptability, as well as the number of water conservation practices households engages in. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) analysis reveals a positive relationship between water accessibility and participation in water conservation practices (WCPs) at 1% (Z=7.34, p<0.01). </em><em>The study recommends that policymakers, agencies, and water sector stakeholders need to enhance their efforts to provide clean and safe water services to all community members to uphold the right to water for everyone and increase the level of participation in water resource conservation. </em></p>2024-03-02T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Lunango Gabriel Muwelu, Christina Mwivei Shitima, Harold Martin Utouhhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/269Using Analogies to Dispel Misconceptions about Chemical Equilibrium among Students Studying Agricultural Science2024-03-15T14:55:59+00:00Alfred Mensahmensahno32d@yahoo.co.ukKwaku Darko Amponsahkdamponsah@ug.edu.ghRaphael Forster Ayitteyraphchemistry105@gmail.com<p><em>This study examined how analogies influence third-year senior high school students' views of dynamic chemical equilibrium. Six participants willingly shared their understanding of the concepts of chemical equilibrium through semi-structured questionnaires distributed before and after a teaching session. The example aimed to show students how their misconceptions about chemical equilibrium correlate with other logical scenarios. The study's findings demonstrated that a student's capacity to comprehend and relate the analogous events to the target concepts being taught and their ability to handle the computations required by the analogy are crucial factors in determining whether they would succeed. Teachers must help students connect the analogy and the primary concepts to include them in their lesson plans. Teachers should also help students with the calculations needed for the simulation by providing guidance and support. This will help students comprehend and apply the ideas of chemical equilibrium in real-world situations.</em></p>2024-03-14T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Alfred Mensah, Kwaku Darko Amponsah, Raphael Forster Ayitteyhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/273Influence of Organizational Resources on the Performance of Public Universities in Kenya2024-03-10T13:53:24+00:00Walter Otiendewalterotiende1981@gmail.comJonathan William Omolojonathanomollo1968@gmail.comJohn Kuria Thuojkuriathuo@gmail.comJanet Wagudewagudejanet1@gmail.com<p><em>Public universities in Kenya are under both moral and legal obligations to perform three important functions, which are providing excellent teaching, research, and community outreach. These functions are important because if they are well performed, the country will realise its vision for 2030. However, the performance of public universities in Kenya is still far below expectations based on both global and regional comparisons. The study, therefore, is intended to determine if the performance problem in the universities can be solved by the organisational resources; hence, the objective of the study is “to determine the influence of organisational resources on the performance of public universities in Kenya.” A mixed approach consisting of both quantitative and qualitative research designs was used. The quantitative data was obtained using a questionnaire, while the qualitative data was obtained through interviews. The collected data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. From the analysis, it was found that organisational resources had positive statistical significance for the performance of public universities in Kenya (β = 0.504; t = 5.936; p<0.05). The study, therefore, concluded that effective human, financial, and physical resources definitely lead to positive improvements in the performance of public universities in Kenya. It was therefore recommended that the government of Kenya should plough more resources into the universities as a way of improving their performance. </em></p>2024-03-08T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Walter Otiende, Jonathan William Omolo, John Kuria Thuo, Janet Wagudehttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/274Classification of Grammatical Errors Found in English Verb Forms from Students’ Academic Writing Tasks at Gishari Integrated Polytechnic Regional College (IPRC), Rwanda2024-03-09T10:49:36+00:00Moses Mitarimosesmitari@gmail.comPatrick Ujwiga Angurupujwiguru@gmail.comJacqueline Uwamariyauwajacky2013@gmail.com<p><em>The analysis of language errors has been a beneficial exercise in academia and research, particularly for individual learners who use English as a second or foreign language. This study aimed to identify and classify grammatical errors in verb forms use among engineering students' academic writing tasks. It pursued one specific objective of categorizing errors in verb forms. The study involved 133 students and 15 teachers, who contributed to data collection through essay tests and questionnaires. Analytical methods included document analysis, deductive thematic analysis, and descriptive statistics were used to gather useful linguistic facts on the issue. The grammatical errors discovered encompassed all five verb forms errors and were categorized as omission, addition, misformation, and misordering based on students' essays and teachers' evaluation of the essays. Thus, writing errors detract the reader from the piece's overall readability with poor quality of writing and blurs written communication. Therefore, it is necessary to pinpoint the students' verb-form errors in order to provide them with the required foundational knowledge to write flawlessly. Teachers should be on the alert of grammatical verb forms errors when assessing their students’ writings and ensure they correctly use the verb forms. </em></p>2024-03-08T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Moses Mitari, Patrick Ujwiga Anguru, Jacqueline Uwamariyahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/279Impact of Socioeconomic and Demographic Variables on Student Engagement in Gambling Activities: Insights from Mkuranga District2024-03-16T12:18:50+00:00Japhet Lusajo Kamwelasajophet@gmail.comJacob Kilamlyajacobkilamlya80@gmail.comManeno A. Bingwemanenobingwe@gmail.com<p><em>This study investigated the socioeconomic and demographic factors influencing students' gambling participation. The research design was a cross-sectional survey to collect primary and secondary data. The study used quantitative and qualitative approaches and involved eighty-seven (87) participants, including gamblers and non-gamblers from Tambani Secondary School. The logistic regression model was used as a technique for data analysis. The results indicate that 37 (42.5%) of the gambling students preferred slot gambling over other forms. The quantitative analysis revealed that four out of six socioeconomic and demographic factors were significantly associated with the probability of students participating in gambling activities. School students' gambling participation is influenced by several factors, including the number of gambling facilities, distance from home to school, monthly income, and parents' or carers' carelessness about the school. The significance of these factors was checked based on a coefficient of P-value of less than 5% (p<0.05). The study concludes that the number of gambling facilities, parents' carelessness, class of the study, gender, place of residence, monthly income, and distance from home to school all influence students' gambling participation. The study suggests that the Ward Executive Officer (WEO) should encourage community members to construct school hostels and ensure strict enforcement of laws and policies for bet owners. Additionally, Community Development Officers (CDOs) could implement educational programmes to inform the community about the impact of gambling on secondary school students who have completed primary education.</em></p>2024-03-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Japhet Lusajo Kamwela, Jacob Kilamlya, Maneno A. Bingwehttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/280Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Midwife Led Debriefing on Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Western, Kenya2024-03-16T13:18:30+00:00Sally Jepkosgei Oronjesoronje@mmust.ac.keMary Kipmerewomkipmerewo@mmust.ac.keJohn Okothjokoth@mmust.ac.ke<p><em>Childbirth is a stressful event in women’s lives and could influence emotions which may lead to mental ill health like depression in the postnatal period if not resolved. Depression is a common mental disorder with serious consequences especially during the postpartum period.</em><em> The prevalence of postpartum depression varies globally, and can be as low as 0.5% or as high as 60.8% in the first year after childbirth. Due to its detrimental impacts, postpartum depression is a serious public health problem. Debriefing is a type of interpersonal therapy, utilized to treat and prevent serious depressive disorders in both pregnant women and the general adult population. Although debriefing has been shown to be useful in both preventing and treating postpartum depression, its effectiveness has not been fully evaluated. The purpose of the study was to assess factors influencing the effectiveness of midwife-led debriefing on prevention of Postpartum Depression in Western region, of Kenya. The study used a quasi-experimental design with pre and post-test assessments. Systematic random sampling was used to identify and allocate participants. The target population was women of childbearing age and study participants were women who gave birth during the study period, of which a sample of 212 participated. Data were collected using standard questionnaire including Edinburg postpartum depression scale (EPDS) score and an interview schedule. Data was</em><em> analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. </em><em>Chi-square was used to test association between variables. Logistic regression model was used to assess the influence of time-based outcome, based on social cultural and demographic characteristics of women on prevention of postpartum depression. Study results indicated that </em><em>parity, Age, living together with spouse and social support (p=0.004; p=0.003; p=0.002) were significant factors. Additionally, it showed that social support significantly reduced the symptoms of postpartum depression. In conclusion, at the 5% significance level, the key factor was social support (p=0.001) <0.05 which showed that participants postpartum depression symptoms decreased greatly. Midwife led debriefing is recommended as a routine care during perinatal period. Further studies to be done to explore how social support influences midwife led debriefing on prevention of Postpartum depression.</em></p>2024-03-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Sally Jepkosgei Oronje, Mary Kipmerewo, John Okothhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/281Accelerating Adoption of Clinical Innovations: Insights on Strategic Leadership Styles for Fostering Dynamic Capabilities by Public Referral Hospitals in Nairobi City County, Kenya2024-03-16T14:08:57+00:00George Kirigigkirigi16@gmail.comJane Kinuthiajane.Kinuthia@pacuniversity.ac.keRobert Gitau Muigaimuigaiwagitau@yahoo.com<p><em>It is unclear if there is a significant link between dynamic organisational capabilities and the adoption of clinical innovations. Specifically, Dynamic capabilities are the adaptive, innovative, and strategic resources organisations purposely utilise in complex and uncertain situations over a long time. The increasing need to understand how productive dynamic capabilities inform healthcare leaders to elevate decision quality in healthcare particularly to impact the implementation of clinical innovations remains underexplored in public referral hospitals. The research employed a nomothetic, descriptive, and cross-sectional survey design, gathering data from 189 consented healthcare leaders in four public referral hospitals in Nairobi City County. This approach offers advantages over idiographic methods by providing a broader understanding of general laws, patterns, or trends applicable to a large population. The data were collected through a digitized questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential results were presented numerically within text or tables and figures with organisational capabilities showing positive and statistical relationships with clinical innovation adoption (β = 0.2145; CI 95% [0.0512-0.3777], p = 0.01). In conclusion, organizational capabilities are shown as the most statistically significant and positive factors in the adoption of clinical innovations by public referral hospitals in Nairobi City County. This has implications for healthcare managers, theory, policy, and practice on where to focus and invest more and to aid them in choosing the most efficacious strategic leadership style. Managerial recommendation entails sustainably adopting clinical innovations through effective organizational capability development and maintenance. Additionally, policy changes can streamline innovation implementation, suggesting areas for further research.</em></p>2024-03-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 George Kirigi, Jane Kinuthia, Robert Gitau Muigaihttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/239Prevalence and Sociodemographic Correlates of Psychotic and Mood Disorders among the Population in Bungoma County, Kenya2024-01-06T17:38:35+00:00Isaac Babu Kisiang’anidrbabu88@gmail.comCaren Sumbakarensumba@yahoo.comMaya Rajahmr4224@tc.columbia.eduPaul Kemkem.paul5@gmail.com<p><em>Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders (MNS) pose a significant global health challenge, affecting a quarter of the world's population and contributing to a substantial portion of the global disease burden. Access to essential treatment remains challenging, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study focuses on the scarcity of mental health resources in Kenya, particularly in Bungoma County, where community-level perspectives are often overlooked. The research aims to bridge this gap by investigating the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of psychosis and mood disorders in the region, aligning with the World Health Organization's call for holistic mental health services. The study was conducted in Bungoma County, Kenya, and employed a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study population was </em><em>1,670,570 as per the Kenya census 2019. The sampling strategies used were purposive, stratified and simple random sampling</em><em> with a sample size of 762 respondents. A stratified random sampling method ensured representation from each sub-county, maintaining proportionality based on population size. The study utilized the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) for screening, a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview, and conducted structured interviews with trained research assistants. Statistical analyses, including descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to determine prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Among 762 respondents, 78.2% met the lifetime criteria for at least one of the four screened mental health conditions. Depression was the most prevalent (73.8%), followed by bipolar mood disorder (13.8%) and psychosis (1.8%). Sociodemographic factors significantly associated with these disorders included marital status, employment status, and income. Male persons were at a higher risk of experiencing psychosis and mood disorder (odds 1.37); the odds of youths having psychosis and mood disorder was higher (odds 1.42); low-income earners of less were 1.685 times likely to experience psychosis and mood disorder and people who lived alone were 1.641 times more likely to suffer psychosis and mood disorder. This study underscores the urgent need for targeted mental health interventions in Bungoma County, Kenya. It emphasizes the prevalence of mental health conditions and the sociodemographic factors influencing them. The findings highlight the importance of considering the local context in mental health interventions, aligning with global calls for holistic, community-driven mental health services. </em></p>2024-01-06T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Kisiang’ani Isaac Babu, Caren Sumba, Maya Rajah, Paul Kemhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/193Evaluation of the Capacity of State Regulatory Agency to Revive Farming, a Policy Perspective of the Sugar directorate and Sugar cane farming in Kenya2024-01-31T18:13:59+00:00Josephat Barasa Kombokombojosephat22@gmail.com<p><em>This study investigated the capacity of the Sugar directorate the regulatory agency of Kenya’s sugar subsector to revive sugarcane farming in the country. It was based on a cross sectional survey design and purposive sampling techniques that enabled engagement of the regulators in management positions as key informants. Key informant guides and questionnaires were used to collect data which was then analyzed descriptively using measures of central tendency and inferentially using t-test. On the bases of the attributes of strength and exploitable opportunities for the directorate, the study established that the directorate has statistically significant capacity to revive sugar cane farming in Kenya. The key attributes of its strength as identified by the study range from the authority to license private mills, authority to set and review sugarcane prices, provision for adoption of COMESA Standards down to the authority to control sugar importation. The key attributes of exploitable opportunities range from the chance to seek for the intervention of the presidency in line with Articles 113 and 115 of the Kenya Constitution 2010, chance to intensify border and market surveillance services in line with the Agriculture and Food Authority Act of 2012, the chance to enhance stakeholder linkages and networks down to the chance to upscale its strategic plan in line with the Public Finance Management Act of 2023. According to the study, to revive sugar cane farming in Kenya the directorate should enhance its adherence to the attributes of strengths and develop strategies for exploitation of the identified opportunities. </em></p>2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Josephat Barasa Kombohttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/204Computer Assisted Language Learning in English Teaching: Availability of Teaching and Learning Resources to Enhance Students’ Performance in English as Subject in Technical Secondary Schools, Nyanza District2024-01-31T18:13:48+00:00Jacques Ndahayondahayojacques1990@gmail.comIrénée Ndayambajeirenee.ndayambaje@gmail.com<p><em>The implementation of appropriate methods in English language teaching holds a crucial role in improving students' academic performance. Despite English being a core subject and medium of instruction in Rwanda's educational system, in Technical Secondary Schools from southern province, poor performance in English subject has been observed in national examinations and school-level assessments.</em><em> The objective of this research was to determine the level of availability of teaching and learning resources </em><em>for the integration of the Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) and its effect on students’ performance in English subject. </em><em>Research was carried out in 8 Technical Secondary schools from Nyanza District in southern province. </em><em>The study utilized a sample of eight Head teachers and employed the descriptive research design with a quantitative method. Data were collected using questionnaires in the form of a likert scale. To analyze the data descriptive and inferential analysis were used. Findings indicated that the existing teaching and learning resources to integrate CALL are insufficient to help students in learning English through CALL, thus performance enhanced. It is shown by the inferential analysis with a P value of 0.64 which is greater than 0.05 of the significant correlation. Therefore it implies the negative correlation. The research recommends that the Ministry of Education should avail sufficient computers and internet connection to Technical Secondary schools to enable the integration of CALL in English teaching therefore performance enhanced. </em></p>2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Jacques Ndahayo, Dr. Irénée Ndayambaje (PhD)https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/219Effect of Socio-Cultural Factors on Women’s Participation in Leadership of Higher Education in Rwanda: A Case of Rwanda Polytechnics2024-01-31T18:13:31+00:00Flavia Agirumubyaraagirumufla@gmail.comJean de Dieu Amini Ngabonzizaaminingabonziza@yahoo.fr<p><em>This study explored the effects of social cultural factors on women’s participation level in leadership positions. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Data was collected using questionnaires. A sample of </em><em>a total of 72 respondents was used in this study. These included 72 female teachers of 5 IPRCs in Rwanda. The data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed quantitatively using SPSS. The findings showed that </em><em>socio-cultural factors were affecting women in IPRCs and resulting in their underrepresentation in leadership positions in Polytechnic Institutions in Rwanda (r=0.661). In addition, this meant that the relationship between socio-cultural factors of women and their participation in Polytechnic Institutions in Rwanda was strong. The R- squared of 0.550 implied that a unit change in socio-cultural factors predicts 0.767 changes in the participation of women in Polytechnic Institutions in Rwanda. The F-value of 36.241 and the corresponding p-value (p = 0.001) which is less than 0.05 implied that socio-cultural factors affects the representation of women teaching in Polytechnic Institutions in Rwanda. </em><em>The study concluded that family responsibilities regulated by socio-cultural norms, women involvement, various cultural aspects and religion have an influence on their participation in leadership.</em><em> The study strongly recommended that all appropriate stakeholders should make a concerted effort to ensure that the different institutions of society (families, schools, universities, communities and the government) respect Rwandan women’s rights. This request to meet their needs and requirements by means of laws, rules policies, economic empowerment, up-skilling, procedures, standards, daily practices and national forums on gender inequality. It also requires identifying and developing strategies for dealing with the existing gender issues and concerns in higher educational institutions in order to increase women’s participation in leadership positions.</em></p>2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Flavia Agirumubyara, Jean de Dieu Amini Ngabonzizahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/226Evaluation of Policy-Related Challenges Limiting Compliance of Sugar Agencies in the Western Kenya Sugar Zone with COMESA Standards for Revival of Sugarcane Farming2024-01-31T18:13:20+00:00Josephat Barasa Kombokombojosephat22@gmail.com<p><em>This study investigated policy-related challenges limiting sugar agencies in particular sugar mills, Sugar Research Institute, and Sugar directorate in the Western Kenya Sugar Belt from compliance with the Common Market for Eastern and South Africa (COMESA) Standards for revival of sugar cane farming in Kenya. The study was based on cross-sectional survey design and purposive sampling technique which enabled the engagement of senior officials of the sugar mills, senior researchers, and regulators from respective agencies as Key Informants. Key informant guides were used to collect data which was then analyzed descriptively using measures of central tendency and inferentially using t-test. The study established that at a 95% confidence level, there were policy-related challenges that were limiting the compliance of sugar agencies with the COMESA Standards for revival of sugarcane farming in Kenya. For sugar millers the key challenges ranged from the issue of logistics of strategic planning, the issue of sharing income from co-production and cogeneration practices, and then the aspect of conflicts over the issue of the proposed privatization of public mills. For the Sugar Research Institute, the challenges range from financial limitations, limited autonomy, and poor linkage with farmers,</em><em> lack of policy for seed bulking and supply,</em><em> limited human capital up to the challenge of logistics</em><em> of strategic planning. </em><em> For the Sugar directorate they ranged from weak strategy for policy implementation, the issue of logistics of strategic planning, and then the challenge of gaps in policy framework. in conclusion the study established that compliance of sugar agencies in the Western Kenya Sugar Belt with the COMESA Standards for revival of sugarcane farming was being limited by policy-related challenges and recommended for due policy review.</em></p>2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Josephat Barasa Kombohttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/229Factors Driving Solid Waste Management Payments in African Markets: Understanding Determinants and Overcoming Challenges2024-02-01T18:13:28+00:00Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzoraankamuzora@mzumbe.ac.tz<p><em>Waste management has become an issue of interest across global today due to its impact on the public health and efforts to achieve the global sustainable development goals. Despite the influence and necessity of the waste management practices yet there is little understanding in the factors influencing households’ willingness to comply and hence pay for such services mostly in developing countries including Tanzania. Therefore, the current study explores determinants of solid waste management in Arusha region by studying behaviors of the vendors in three markets places of Kilomebro, Tengeru, and Samunge using cross-sectional research design of which as sample of 150 vendors were included in the study. The results of the study reveal that socioeconomic factors such as age (p<0.01), working experience (p<0.01), and income (p<0.01) are significant determinants enhancing vendors’ decision to pay for the waste management. On the other hand, amount of waste generated by vendors, and their awareness on the waste management practices also influence vendors willingness and decision to pay for the waste management across all three markets in Arusha region at 0.013 (p<0.01) and 1.894 (p<0.01) . Additionally, quality of waste management services offered are also important component affecting vendors decision to be willing to pay for the waste management practices. The study recommends that in order to cultivate the waste management practices across communities it is important to prioritize in establishing educational programs that aimed at enhancing vendors' awareness and understanding of the importance of solid waste management, as well as developing income diversification strategies which will help to explore and address the significant role income plays in determining vendors' willingness to pay for solid waste management.</em></p>2024-02-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzorahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/233Determinants, Awareness, and Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccination among Youth in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania2024-01-31T18:13:08+00:00Darlene K. Mutalemwadarlene.mutalemwa@mu.ac.tzFaisal Issafaisal.issa@mu.ac.tzMisheck G. Mwashambwamishack.mwashambwa@mnma.ac.tz<p><em>The global community has seen significant negative impacts as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary objective of this study was to assess the perceptions, awareness, and determinants among young individuals concerning the COVID-19 vaccine. The research employed a cross-sectional approach and was carried out using internet platforms within the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania, spanning from December 2021 to December 2022. The study's sample consisted of 435 individuals who were classified as young people. The data was collected through the utilization of questionnaires developed by Google Forms, which were thereafter distributed among participants via WhatsApp groups. The programme utilized for data cleaning and analysis was STATA 15.1. Categorical variables were summarised using descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution tables, pie charts, and bar charts. The study employed inferential statistics, namely the Chi-square test, to assess the association between the COVID-19 immunization status and several socioeconomic demographic characteristics, perceived factors, and awareness-related parameters. Results achieving a significance level of 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Based on these findings, it was recommended that decision-makers should continue directing endeavors focused on increasing the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccinations and minimizing the wastage of vaccines. Also, youths are encouraged to take vaccines for the fortification of their health hence reaching the intended purpose and saving funds that would have been used in managing other health, social, and economic challenges.</em></p>2024-01-31T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Darlene K. Mutalemwa, Faisal Issa, Misheck G. Mwashambwahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/237Exploring Sustainable Public Transport System for the Provision of Quality Education Services in Public Universities: A Situational Analysis2024-01-01T17:25:20+00:00Ombeni Msuyaowmsuya@hotmail.com<p><em>This study was conducted to explore the experience of university community regarding the use of available public transport in public universities in Tanzania. The study intended to explore the common transport systems used within the public universities; the risks and challenges of using the available transport systems in execution of day-to-day core functions of the university; and lastly, the effective and efficient transport systems in promoting the teaching and learning process in public universities. A cross-sectional survey design with mixed research approaches was employed. Probability and non-probability sampling techniques were used to get a total sample of 125 respondents from public universities in Tanzania. Data were collected by using self-administered semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interview. The findings revealed that common transport systems used within the campuses included motorcycle hire, commuter buses, walking, bicycle hire, private bicycle, private motorcycle, university buses, bajaji (rickshaws) hire, and taxi cabs. Moreover, the study revealed that the risks and challenges of using the current transport system within the university campuses included time consuming, costly, and getting late to classes, accident, tiredness, and theft. Furthermore, the study revealed that the effective and efficient transport system within university campuses included the commuter buses, motorcycle hire, private motorcycle, walking, and private cars. The study recommends establishing an internal transportation pool which will be able to offer sustainable, reliable, effective and efficient transportation means within the university. Understanding the campus impediments may help universities design more attractive and useful transport facilities. The current study will inform the university management about the need to promote bicycling and walking which are ecological friendly; improve social interactions; as well as spur physical well-being among the students, staff and university community. </em></p>2024-02-10T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Ombeni Msuyahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/238Public Perception on the Level of Effectiveness of Climate Change Communication Channels in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Survey2024-01-03T17:30:21+00:00Daniel Odoomankahodoom@gmail.com<p><em>Climate change communication remains a vital issue globally in view of the increasing concerns on the adverse impacts of climate change. Using a total of 327 Ghanaians, this research investigated public perception on the level of effectiveness of climate change communication channels in the country. Simple random and convenience sampling methods were employed to select respondents who filled a set of questionnaires. In analyzing the data, cross tabulation, means, standard deviations, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis test were employed. Though many respondents believed climate change is already harming local communities, they were dissatisfied with the existing institutional, legal and regulatory frameworks for addressing climate change impacts. Also, the respondents believed that local authorities, the media and political officeholders were not actively addressing climate change impacts. Radio, television, and social media platforms were perceived as generally effective climate change communication channels in Ghana. However, respondents were lowly satisfied with the overall level of effectiveness of climate change communication channels in the country. </em><em>S</em><em>ignificant differences existed in the views of respondents on </em><em>the effectiveness of climate change </em><em>communication channels</em><em> used in Ghana based on gender (Z score</em>=-2.022, P<0.5)<em>. Similarly, there were significant differences in the views of respondents on </em><em>the effectiveness of climate change </em><em>communication channels</em><em> and their level of education (</em>X<sup>2</sup> =23.763, P<0.05)<em>. The Ministry of Environment, Science and Innovation should team up with the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, and the Ministry of Information to develop a more comprehensive program aimed at promoting behavior and social change towards climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies should liaise with community radios to come up with measures to promote the use of climate change communication channels based on the unique demographic characteristics and socio-cultural contexts of target audience.</em></p>2024-01-03T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Daniel Odoomhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/172Political and Socio-Economic Ramifications of the Armed Conflict in Côte d'Ivoire 2002-20112024-01-01T17:25:33+00:00David Suaka Yarodyaro@cktutas.edu.ghDaniel Dramani Kipo-Sunyehzidkipo-sunyehzi@ug.edu.gh<p><em>This article analyses the political, social, and economic factors that contributed to the Ivorian crisis-armed conflict and the ramifications of the conflict from 2002-2011 on Ivorians. It applies Adam Przeworski's eclectic political theory as the analytical framework. The study utilized a qualitative research design and data was obtained from key informants from the following three regions: Abidjan, Bouake, and Odienne. Varied participants were purposively selected and interviewed from various areas: academia, and Foreign Service including diplomats, politicians, civil servants, teachers, traders, university students, and refugees ensuring diverse perspectives. The findings revealed that the armed conflict affected the political, religious/cultural, social, and economic lives and the cohesion of the Ivorian people. Also, the armed conflict retarded the progress of the country and created a sense of distrust, disunity, and discrimination. The conflict hurt the health of the Ivorians, especially HIV/AIDS patients and the entire people's access to health facilities.</em></p>2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2023 David Suaka Yaro, Daniel Dramani Kipo-Sunyehzihttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/241The Hegemony of South Africa and the Free Movement of Persons in SADC: Challenges and Perspectives2024-01-12T17:44:49+00:00Tebogo Kegomoditswe Mapogotebogokmapogo@gmail.com<p><em>The free movement of persons faces many challenges in the SADC region. Currently, there is no solid regional framework that governs it. As a result, it is managed by several varying bilateral agreements between the member states. This study aims to evaluate the impact the hegemony of South Africa has on the free movement of persons in the SADC region. The specific objectives of the study were to examine the effect the hegemony of South Africa has on visa openness in the SADC region, to describe the hegemony of South Africa in relation to ratification of the protocol on the facilitation of movement of persons in the SADC region, and finally to evaluate the influence the hegemony of South Africa has on border procedures in the SADC region. The qualitative research method was undertaken in pursuit of fulfilling the study objectives.</em> <em>The data for this study was collected from a selection of official statistics, technical reports, and scholarly journals. The findings of the study suggest that the hegemony of South Africa has greatly contributed and shaped the status of the free movement of persons in the region. South Africa has negotiated itself into favourable positions with its fellow SADC member states that have placed them at an advantage. South Africa benefits from favourable visa openness and border procedures. It’s contribution in influencing the Protocol on the Facilitation of Movement of Persons has resulted in it being among the countries that have ratified the protocol which has more relaxed provisions. The study recommends harmonised free movement agreements that have a more regional outlook and an approach to the free movement of persons that has a bearing that is not centred around security and negative perceptions.</em></p>2024-01-12T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Tebogo Kegomoditswe Mapogohttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/242Socio-demographics, Causes of Injuries, and Rehabilitation Injury Categories in a Commercial Motorcycle Road-Related Orthopedics and Neurological Surgery Cohort in Eldoret, Kenya2024-01-16T17:49:15+00:00Catherine Mwikali Muiamwikalicatherine@yahoo.comChantell Musimbi Imbwagachantellmusimbi@gmail.com<p><em>Commercial motorcycle road related orthopedics and neurological injuries are one of the major causes of short- and long-term consequences requiring timely interdisciplinary referrals and in-patient physiotherapy rehabilitation together with out-patient follow-ups, to maintain and improve physical and functional level of patients. Spinal cord injuries and fractures of the vertebra and lower extremities remain one of the causes of mortality, impairments and disability to the riders, passengers and pedestrians. The objective of the study was to explore socio-demographic characteristics, causes of injuries, rehabilitation injury categories following commercial motorcycle road-related orthopedics and neurological surgery, Eldoret, Kenya. In this prospective cohort study, purposive sampling was adopted to select a sample size of 79 participants for a 6 months period of March 2021-July 2022 in 5 level hospitals, Eldoret, Kenya. The data was entered and analyzed with SPSS 20. The findings show that, from the patients’ bio-data during the study period, 79 out 150 were admitted with commercial motorcycle road-related orthopedics and neurological injuries for surgery with a prevalence rate 53%. All (100%) participants from socioeconmic backgrounds used commerical motorcycles as means of public transport. Male participants constituted to 62% and 38% females with a ratio of male to female of 4.9:3. Majority (94%) of participants were aged between 18 to 44 years with 62% aged between 18-34 years. Sixty-six per cent (66%) were admitted to orthopedics while 34% in neurological wards. All (100%) of the participants reported physical impairments and functional limitations with reduced independence level following commercial motorcycle road-related orthopedics and neurological injuries. All (100%) were referred for post-operative physiotherapy by orthopedics and neurological surgeons. More than half (62%) participants did not intend to continue with outpatient and follow-up physiotherapy rehabilitation. Majority (78%) paid their hospital health bills out of pocket with 51% coming from needy socio-economic class. However, 75% of the participants had requested for a waiver from a social worker. Based on the findings, the study concludes that interdisciplinary referral for post-operative physiotherapy by orthopedics and neurological surgeons were excellent. As a result, there is need for out-patient post-operative physiotherapy follow-ups and sensitization of NHIF registration and uptake by workers in informal sectors.</em></p>2024-01-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Catherine Mwikali Muia, Chantell Musimbi Imbwagahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/243Peace and Values Education as a Cross-Cutting Issue in Rwandan Schools: Teachers and Classroom-Based Perspective2024-01-16T17:49:04+00:00Jean Leonard Buhigiroleobuhigiro@yahoo.frEmmanuel Sibomanaesibomana1@gmail.comJean de Dieu Amini Ngabonzizaaminingabonziza@yahoo.frDelphine Mukingambehodmukingambeho@gmail.comPhilothere Ntawihantaphilos@gmail.com<p><em>Peace and values is one of the cross-cutting issues in the Rwandan primary and secondary school curriculum. Different organizations such as the Aegis Trust have trained teachers in integrating peace and values in the various subjects, they teach by training learners on how to build a culture of peace. This is very important to Rwanda as a post genocide. However, no research (at the best of our knowledge) has been conducted to investigate how and to what extent teachers integrate peace and values in various school subjects. This article reports on empirical research conducted in five primary schools in four provinces of Rwanda plus Kigali City to examine the teaching of peace and values in Rwandan schools. A qualitative approach was adopted for this research. Classroom observations, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data. The findings show that peace values are not part of teachers’ planning and are not explicitly referred to in classroom practices. This is mainly because teachers lack skills and knowledge to do so. However, some peace related messages are shared in extracurricular activities but these are counteracted by violent practices such as corporal punishment and bullying. This article concludes that teachers’ limited understanding of peace impedes the integration of peace culture in schools. Thus, it suggests that peace values should be explicitly and systematically integrated in the teaching of all subjects. It also calls for strong measures to end school violence in Rwandan schools by equipping teachers for positive management of learners’ behaviours.</em></p>2024-01-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Jean Leonard Buhigiro, Emmanuel Sibomana, Jean de Dieu Amini Ngabonziza, Delphine Mukingambeho, Philothere Ntawihahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/244Redefining Employability Skills in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Comparative Analysis with Nyerere's Second and Third Industrial Revolutions2024-02-01T18:13:17+00:00Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzoraankamuzora@mzumbe.ac.tz<p><em>The late Mwalimu Julius Nyerere is considered as one of the pioneers of the African revolution, his struggles entailed the economic change that embodied the employability transformations in order to increase production and enhance growth. However, changes in the industrial revolution as the result of technological changes resulted in the shift of employment patterns across generations from the Nyerere generation which represent the second and third industrial generation to the new fourth industrial revolution (4IR) which is characterized by high technological innovations. These innovations have led to the change in the government policies in order to equip youths especially university graduates with relevant skills to cope with the speed of 4IR. Despite the efforts undertaken by governments to address and enhance soft and technical skills development most graduates have been fearing of losing chances before these technological innovations, therefore the current study explores youth perception on the employability status in the face of 4IR in Tanzania using probit model from 100 students at Mzumbe university who were randomly sampled. The results reveal that there is a positive relationship between life/soft skills, technological/hard skills, awareness of 4IR, preparation for self-employment, and graduate’s employability in 4IR, shown by positive coefficients of 0.514, 0.337, 0.976 and 1.038 respectively. Life/soft skills, technological/hard skills, awareness of industry 4.0, and preparation for self-employment were found significant at a 5% significance level with p-values of 0.000, 0.034, 0.033, and 0.029 respectively. Simply the findings suggest that a graduate (finalist) who is aware of industry 4.0, is prepared for self-employment, and have soft/life skills and technological/hard skills. Therefore, the study recommends that higher learning institutions and government authorities governing higher learning should be investment in the soft skills among youths, and enhance entrepreneurial course that constitutes innovation and creativity components in order to enable graduates and youths be able to cope with the speed of the technological and industrial demands for employability.</em></p>2024-02-01T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzorahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/245Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Cattle in Smallholder Livestock Production Systems in Bungoma County, Kenya2024-01-24T18:04:53+00:00David Wanyonyi Nanyendedavnanyende@yahoo.comJacob Wanambacha Wakhungujwanambacha@yahoo.comFerdinand Nabiswa Makhanufnabiswa@mmust.ac.keSiamba Donald Namasakadsiamba@kibu.ac.ke<p><em>Leptospirosis is</em><em> an important re-emerging bacterial zoonosis of public health importance in Kenya. It is transmitted through contact with contaminated soil, water, or urine of infected animals. The disease is associated with high economic losses which include high cost of diagnosis and treatment, disruption of international trade in animals and animal products and loss of milk production following mastitis among others. In this study, the sero-prevalence of bovine leptospirosis in Kimilili and Mt Elgon Sub-Counties of Bungoma County in Kenya was estimated. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April to July, 2017 where blood serum samples from 200 head of cattle from five wards and one slaughter house using systematic random sampling technique. The samples were then subjected to the Enzyme Linked Immunorsorbent Assay (ELISA) test. The findings show an overall sero-prevalence for leptospirosis in cattle in the study area to be 16%. The sero-prevalence of leptospirosis in the study area by wards is as follows; 10.7% in Kibingei, 12.5% in Kimilili, 17.6 in Maeni, 16.7% in Kamukuywa and 15.6% in Kaptama. The study also reveals that the sero-prevalence was relatively higher in Kimilili Slaughterhouse which recorded 21.0%. The study therefore demonstrates that there is a high sero-prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle in Kimilili and Mt Elgon Sub-Counties, Bungoma County. This study therefore provides critical public health information which is necessary in guiding leptospirosis prevention and control in Bungoma County. It is therefore recommended that strategies for surveillance and laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis should be initiated in Bungoma County. This will help in providing better estimates of leptospirosis burden in the county.</em></p>2024-01-23T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 David Wanyonyi Nanyende, Jacob Wanambacha Wakhungu, Ferdinand Nabiswa Makhanu, Siamba Donald Namasakahttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/249Gender and Social Exclusion in Lake Victoria Basin: A Case of Mara and Simiyu Regions, Tanzania2024-02-16T18:38:48+00:00Bonamax Mbasabmbasa@irdp.ac.tzChristopher N. Mdoechristmdoe@gmail.comRaphael N. Jettahrndaro@irdp.actz<p><em>Tanzania has undertaken several deliberate measures to address the social exclusion of traditionally marginalised groups. Yet, it is still felt by some people that good measures, strategies, and plans implemented in health and education are not handled at the household level. The study was conducted in Bunda TC, Bunda DC, and Busega DC to assess gender and social exclusion in the Lake Victoria basin. Specifically, examining disparities in household children’s education expectations by gender and investigating gendered differentials in health status and care. This study employed a multistage sampling method, combining random and purposive techniques, to select 447 households. Key informants were purposefully chosen for interviews, and 30 households per village were systematically surveyed. Data were collected through various methods, including documentary review and computer-aided personnel interviews, ensuring comprehensive coverage. Findings revealed that the sex of a child influenced the household expectation of the highest education level of children. Financial expectation determines who should be educated. The girls were on the disadvantageous side. The sex of the household head did not distinguish health status, and the exclusion of health care lies not in differential treatment between males and females but in differing affordability and the availability of health facilities. It is recommended that: the right to education of a girl child should be addressed at the household level; measures to improve health care affordability and availability of health facilities should be ensured; the provision of health insurance for all and free health services for complicated health problems of women should be emphasised.</em></p>2024-02-16T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Bonamax Mbasa, Christopher N. Mdoe, Raphael N. Jettahhttps://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/view/250Student Perspectives on Internal and External Factors Influencing Vulnerability to Risk-Taking Behaviour among Girls in Public Day Secondary Schools in Kiambaa, Kiambu County, Kenya2024-02-05T18:20:43+00:00Lucy Njeri Mwangilnmwangi8@gmail.comPacificah Okemwaokemwa.pacificah@ku.ac.keSusan Waiyego Mwangimwangi.susan@ku.ac.ke<p><em>The study investigated internal and external determinants of vulnerability to risk-taking behavior (RTB) among female students in public day secondary schools (PDSS) in Kiambaa, Kiambu County, Kenya.</em> <em>This was due to the high levels of RTB among secondary school girls that had been reported. The study integrated two theories, problem behaviour theory and empowerment theory. It employed a descriptive survey methodology. Using proportional stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures 96 girls participated in the study. A pilot study involving 10 students from Kiambu Sub-County was conducted to assess content and construct validity. Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.7) ensured internal consistency and reliability of variables. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, analysed using SPSS version 24 for quantitative data and content analysis for qualitative data, and presented via tables and figures. The findings revealed various RTB among girls, including unprotected sex, prostitution, drug use, abortion, theft, and fighting. RTB determinants encompassed factors like parental divorce, absenteeism, peer pressure, financial hardship, and lack of role models, excessive idle time, societal influences, and declining values. In conclusion, this study highlights the existence of RTB among girls in PDSS and underscores the complexity of factors influencing these behaviours. To effectively address RTB, a comprehensive approach that considers both internal and external factors is essential. </em></p>2024-02-05T00:00:00+00:00Copyright (c) 2024 Lucy Njeri Mwangi, Dr. Pacificah Okemwa, Dr. Susan Waiyego Mwangi