Diplomatic representation and economic diplomacy in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania–Kenya bilateral relations

Abstract

This study looked to understand the role of the Tanzania High Commission in Nairobi in contributing to Tanzania Kenya economic relations between 2015-2024. It looked to understand the difference between diplomatic engagement and tangible benefits. The study used the theoretical frameworks of constructivism and neofunctionalism. The case study used mixed methods to look at Nairobi, Dodoma and Namanga. Fieldwork took place between September-December 2025. A total of 186 questionnaire responses and 30 interviews were recorded, giving 216 achieved participations against a target of 220. Questionnaire results found East African Community engagement was most well recognized as a diplomatic tactic. 180 out of 186 identified initiatives tackling Non-Tariff Barriers [NTBs]. Overall, there were positive responses from the sample, with 129 individuals (69.4%) indicating that they felt the economic diplomacy had a high or very high contribution. Institutional responses were found to have more positive views than companies. This suggested that diplomatic engagement and coordination could support collaboration, although administrative implementation constrained the practical benefits. The responses described stakeholder perceptions and did not isolate the High Commission’s economic impact. They informed recommendations for further collaboration. The study recommended tracking collaboration on trade barriers, ongoing consultation with businesses, specialist commercial skills and outcomes-based indicators. This study contributed by interpreting the gap between engagement and implementation within one bilateral relationship in Africa.