Okoth, A.O. et al. 2026. Information and communication technologies [ICT] and competency-based education in developing economies: A critical review of adoption models, outcomes, and implications for East Africa. African Journal of Empirical Research. 7, 2 (Jun. 2026), 1420–1432. DOI:https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.2.123.